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first lady
First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive.〔(''First Lady'', Merriam-Webster Dictionary ), retrieved 2014-12-30〕〔(''First Lady'', Oxford Dictionaries ), retrieved 2014-12-30〕〔Amanda Foreman, "Our First Ladies and Their Predecessors," Wall Street Journal, May 30-31, 2015, C11, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-first-ladies-and-their-predecessors-1432830990, retrieved 2015-5-30〕 The term is also used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art.〔(''First Lady'', Collins English Dictionary ), retrieved 2014-12-30〕 Collectively, the President of the United States and his or her spouse are known as the ''First Couple'' and,〔(Collins English Dictionary definition ). Retrieved 2013-12-08〕 if they have a family, they are usually referred to as the ''First Family''.
The term is sometimes used, particularly in the US, to refer to the spouse of other non-monarchical heads of state, even if they do not have that style in their own country. Some other countries have a title, formal or informal, that is or can be translated as ''first lady''.〔(Colombia government web site: example of the use of "Primera Dama" )〕 The title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. It is sometimes employed for the wife of a prime minister; an incorrect usage, as prime ministers do not precede the head of state.
The term in the United States is also used to refer to wives of governors and, less formally, to wives of male college and university presidents. It has even been used in reference to female spouses of men who were chairmen of major corporations. There has not yet been a male spouse of a US president, but the term "First Gentleman" is used in the United States for the husband of a state governor and in some literary works involving fictional presidents.
==Origin of the term==
(詳細はAnglo-Saxon or Old English.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lord & Lady: Their Surprising Origin )〕 The designation ''First Lady'' seems to have originated in the United States, where one of the earliest uses in print, in 1838, was in reference to Martha Washington.〔 Mrs. Sigourney, "Martha Washington," St. Johnsbury (VT) Caledonian, August 7, 1838, p. 1. 〕 Some sources say that, in 1849, President Zachary Taylor called Dolley Madison "first lady" at her state funeral, while reciting a eulogy written by himself; but no copy of that eulogy has been found.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Dolley Madison )〕 The term might have roots as far back as the end of the Roman Republic. When Gaius Octavius became Emperor he did not want to assume the titles rex (king) or dictator since it could create resentment amongst senators and other influential men. He thus took the more humble title Princeps Civitatis, or the first citizen, which made his wife Principa Femina, the first lady.〔Encyclopedia Brittanica Vol 2, p. 687, '53 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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